Empty spaces, how do they make a protein unstable?
Because these excited states exist only briefly and are lowly populated they are “invisible” to most experimental methods. However, recent developments in NMR spectroscopy allow for their detection and structural investigation at atomic resolution.
In this study, the researchers used a classic model system for protein folding, the L99A mutant of T4 lysozyme. This protein has a cavity in its hydrophobic core that is large enough to fit a benzene ring (a chemical compound consisting of a ring of 6 carbon atoms).
Pressure reveals invisible states
Mulder and his team used Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy coupled with hydrostatic pressure to monitor “invisible” excited states. High pressure favors compact states, and the protein unfolds or collapses at high pressure to remove cavities.
The researchers have succeeded in obtaining a unique picture of the hierarchy of unfolded states in the protein’s energy landscape by subjecting it to pressure. Furthermore, with these pressure perturbations, they have been able to identify empty protein cavities and determine the energetic consequences of filling these with water.
Partial unfolding of unstable parts of proteins is a major concern in the development of industrial enzymes and biological drugs, as well as a starting point for protein deposition diseases. The approach shown in this study here establishes a powerful way to rationally understand and gain control of protein stability at the atomic level.